mining for rare earth concentrates, rare earth oxides, rare earth metals, rare earth magnets, and rare earth alloys; extracting rare earth concentrates, rare earth oxides, rare earth metals, rare earth magnets, and rare earth alloys; waste processing or waste reprocessing to obtain rare earth concentrates, rare earth oxides, rare earth metals, rare earth magnets, and rare earth alloys

recovery of rare earth elements from coal bed underclays and coal residues