Scientific, electrical, electronic, optoelectronic, optical instruments and apparatus, to control and use the light as the carrier of signal and information in optoelectronic systems, namely, photodiodes, photodetectors, optoelectronic detectors, electronic detectors, balanced photodetectors, auto-balanced photodetectors, microwave detectors, liquid level sensors, proximity sensors, biosensors, micro-electro-mechanical systems, inductive sensors, capacity sensors, solar cells, micro-electro-m...