Chemical and biochemical assay apparatus and instruments; chemical and biochemical analyzers; protein analyzers; immunoassay analyzers; DNA analyzers; lab-on-a-chip devices; electrochemical apparatus and instrument for testing; apparatus and instruments for the control, detection and measurement of chemicals, biochemicals, proteins, oligonucleotides, peptides and DNA; electrochemical sensors for controlling, detecting and measuring chemical and biochemical substances; electrochemical microchi...